Assessment and Students free essay sample

Journal assessment Conclusion Reccomendation III. INTRODUCTION: Why do Assessment? Are you asking too little of your class? Are your students approaching your course as hurdlers, barely clearing required levels of performance? Or are they approaching your course like high jumpers, pushing themselves under your guidance to increasingly more challenging heights? If your students arent high jumpers, maybe its because you arent asking them to high jump. By using appropriate assessment techniques, you can encourage your students to raise the height of the bar. There is considerable evidence showing that assessment drives student learning. More than anything else, our assessment tools tell students what we consider to be important. They will learn what we guide them to learn through our assessments. Traditional testing methods have been limited measures of student learning, and equally importantly, of limited value for guiding student learning. These methods are often inconsistent with the increasing emphasis being placed on the ability of students to think analytically, to understand and communicate at both detailed and big picture levels, and to acquire lifelong skills that permit continuous adaptation to workplaces that are in constant flux. Moreover, because assessment is in many respects the glue that links the components of a course its content, instructional methods, and skills development changes in the structure of a course require coordinated changes in assessment. IV. RESEARCH (CONTENT) What is Assessment? Assessment is a systematic process of gathering, interpreting, and acting upon data related to student learning and experience for the purpose of developing a deep understanding of what students know, understand, and can do with their knowledge as a result of their educational experience; the process culminates when assessment results are used to improve subsequent learning. Huba and Freed, 2000 Key Points Assessment is an ongoing process aimed at understanding and improving student learning Multiple methods Criteria and standards Evidence Students know, can do and understand It’s more than just collecting data Sequence in Preparing Instructionally Relevant Assessment INSTRUCTION Indicates the learning outcomes to be attained by students LEARNING TASK Specifies the particular set of learning task(s) to be assessed. ASSESSMENT Provides a procedure designed to measure a representative sample of the instructionally relevant learning tasks. Is there close agreement? What is the Assessment Process? AIMS ASSESSMENT ACTION ADJUSTMENT Importance of Assessment To find out what the students know (knowledge) To find out what the students can do, and how well they can do it (skill; performance) To find out how students go about the task of doing their work (process) To find out how students feel about their work (motivation, effort) What is Student Assessment for? *To help us design and modify programs to better promote learning and student success. To provide common definitions and benchmarks for student abilities that will enable us to act more coherently and effectively to promote student learning. *To provide feedback, guidance, and mentoring to students so as to help them better plan and execute their educational programs. *To provide improved feedback about student learning to support faculty in their work. Functions of Assessment Diagnostic: tell us what the student needs to learn Formative: tell us how well the student is doing as work progresses Summative: tell us how well the student did at the end of a unit/task What can be assessed? Student learning characteristics -Ability differences -Learning styles Student motivational characteristics -Interest -Self-efficacy -goal orientation Learning Content knowledge Ability to apply content knowledge Skills Dispositions and attitudes Performances Direct and Indirect Assessment Measures Direct methods ask students to demonstrate their learning while indirect methods ask them to reflect on their learning. Direct methods include objective tests, essays, case studies, problem solving exercises, presentations and classroom assignments. Indirect methods include surveys, interviews and student reflection and/or self-assessment essays. It is useful to include both direct and indirect assessment measures in your assessments. How should we assess? True –False Item Multiple Choice Completion Short Answer Essay Practical Exam Papers/Reports Projects Questionnaires Inventories Checklist Peer Rating Self Rating Journal Portfolio Observations Discussions Interviews Criteria In Choosing an Assessment Method It should be reliable. It should be valid. It should be simple to operate, and should not be too costly. It should be seen by students and society in general. It should benefit all students. Who should be involved in assessment? The teacher The student The student’s peer Administrator Parents What should we do with the information from our assessment? Use it to improve the focus of our teaching (diagnosis) Use it to focus student attention of strengths and weaknesses (motivation) Use it to improve program planning (program assessment) Use it for reporting to parents Classroom Assessment Paper and pencil assessments: Ask students to respond in writing to questions or problem -Item level: Assessing lower vs. higher skills -Knowledge vs. application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation -Authentic tasks e. . multiple choice, T/F, matching (recognition), short answer, essay (recall) Paper and Pencil Assessment Strengths -Can cover a lot of material reasonably well -Fair -Effective in assessing declarative knowledge of content Easier to construct and administer than performance assessments Weaknesses -Require forethought and skill -Less effective in assessing procedural knowledge and creative thinking -Con struction of good higher level recognition items is difficult -Recall items that do a good job of assessing higher level thinking (essay questions) are difficult to score. Performance Assessments assessment that elicits and evaluates actual student performances Types of Performances: Products: drawings, science experiments, term papers, poems, solution to authentic problems Behavior: time trial for running a mile, reciting a poem, acting tryouts, dancing Performance assessments Strengths – Effective for assessing higher level thinking and authentic learning -Effective for assessing skill and procedural learning -Interesting and motivating for students Weaknesses -Emphasize depth at the expense of breadth Difficult to construct -Time consuming to administer -Hard to score fairly How can we assess student learning? Traditional assessment: assess student knowledge and skills in relative isolation from real world context. Traditional assessment practices reflect what students are able to recall from memory through various means, such as, multiple choice, true/false, fill in the blank, and matching questions. Authentic assessment: assess studentsâ⠂¬â„¢ ability to use what they’ve learning in tasks similar to those in the outside world. Occurs when the authenticity of student learning has been observed. It requires information from a variety of source such as content work samples, observation during class activities, and conferences with students. Classroom Assessment Informal Assessment: teachers’ spontaneous, day to day observations of student performances. Examples Verbal -Asking questions -Listening to student discussions -Conducting student conferences Nonverbal -Observing -Task performances -On-and off-task behavior -student choices -student body language Informal Assessment Strengths -Facilitates responsive teaching -Can be done during teaching -Easy to individualize Weaknesses -Requires high level of teacher skill -Is vulnerable to -Bias -Inequities –Mistakes Classroom Assessment Formal assessment : assessment that is planned in advance and used to assess a predetermined content and/or skill domain. Strengths -allows the teacher to evaluate all students systematically on the important skills and concepts -helps teachers determine how well students are progressing over the entire year -provides useful information to parents and administrators. Portfolios A collection of student samples representing or demonstrating student academic growth. It can include formative and summative assessment. It may contain written work, journals, maps, charts, survey, group reports, peer reviews and other such items. Portfolios are systematic, purposeful, and meaningful collections of students’ work in one or more subject areas. Importance of Portfolios For Students Shows growth over time Displays student’s accomplishment Helps students make choices Encourages them to take responsibility for their work Demonstrates how students think Importance of Portfolios For Teachers Highlights performance-based activities over year Provides a framework for organizing student’s work Encourages collaboration with students, parents, and teachers Showcases an ongoing curriculum Facilitates student information for decision making Importance of Portfolios For Parents Offer insight into what their children do in school Facilitates communication between home and school Gives the parents an opportunity to react to what their child is doing in school and to their development Shows parents how to make a portfolio so they may do one at home at the same time Importance of Portfolios For Administrators Provides evidence that teacher/school goals are being met Shows growth of students and teachers Provides data from various sources What do portfolios contain? Three basic models: Showcase model, consisting of work samples chosen by the student. Descriptive model, consisting of representative work of the student, with no attempt at evaluation. Evaluative model, consisting of representative products that have been evaluated by criteria. Disadvantages of Portfolio Require more time for faculty to evaluate than test or simple-sample assessment. Require students to compile their own work, usually outside of class. Do not easily demonstrate lower-level thinking, such as recall of knowledge. May threaten students who limit their learning to cramming for doing it at the last minute. Rubric It is a scoring guide that seeks to evaluate a student’s performance based on the sum of a full range of criteria rather than a single numerical score. It is a working guide for students and teachers, usually handed out before the assignment begins in order to get students to think about the criteria on which their work will be judged. Rubrics are scoring criteria for Free-response Questions Scientific reports Oral or Power point presentations Reflections/Journals Essay Laboratory-based performance tests Article review or reactions Portfolios Many others Open-ended Question Concept Mapping It requires students to explore links between two or more related concepts. When making concept maps, they clarify in their minds the links they have made of the concepts and having visual representation of these links, they are better able to rearrange of form new links when new concepts are introduced. Laboratory Performance In this format students and teachers know the requirements in advance and prepare them. The teacher judges the student performance within a specific time frame and setting. Students are rated on appropriate and effective use of laboratory equipment, measuring tools, and safety laboratory procedures as well as a hands-on designing of an investigation. Inventories Diagnostic Inventories: Student responses to a series of questions or statements in any field, either verbally or in writing. These responses may indicate an ability or interest in a particular field. Interest Inventories: student responses to questions designed to find out past experience and or current interest in a topic, subject or activity. Classroom Assessment Presentation : a presentation by one student or by a group of students to demonstrate the skills used in the completion of an activity or the acquisition of curricular outcomes/expectations. The presentation can take the form of a skit, lecture, lab presentation, debate etc. Computers can also be used for presentation when using such software as Hyperstudio, Powerpoint or Corel presentations. Peer Evaluation : judgments by students about one another’s performance relative to stated criteria and program outcomes Journal Assessment This refer to student’s ongoing record of expressions experiences and reflections on a given topic. There are two types: one in which students write with minimal direction what he/she is thinking and or feeling and the other requires students to compete a specific written assignment and establishes restrictions and guidelines necessary to accurately accomplish the assignment. Journals can evolve different types of reflecting writing, drawing, painting, and role playing. REFLECTIVE JOURNAL What did I learn? How do I feel about it? What happened? SYNTHESIS JOURNAL How I can Use It? What I learned? What I Did? SPECULATION ABOUT EFFECTS JOURNAL What could happen because of this? What happened? V. CONCLUSION A fair assessment is one in which students are given equitable opportunities to demonstrate what they know and can do. Classroom assessment is not only for grading or ranking purposes. Its goal is to inform instruction by providing teachers with information to help them make good educational decisions. Assessment is integrated with student’s day-to-day learning experiences rather than a series of an end-of-course tests. Why link assessment with instruction? Better assessment means better teaching. Better teaching means better learning . Better learning means better students. Better students mean better opportunities for a better life. VI. RECCOMENDATION Specific assessment tools, listed below, are strongly recommended to faculty and department heads for their ability to provide useful information for accountability and, more importantly, to foster dialogue to improve student learning within courses. These three assessment tools are strongly recommended because they are concise and effective direct evaluations as opposed to indirect evaluations. Direct evaluations can be both formative (the gathering of information about student learning during the progression of a course or program, usually repeatedly, to improve the learning of those students) and summative (the gathering of information at the conclusion of the course, program or undergraduate career to improve learning or to meet accountability demands. ) 1. Rubrics:  These are the most flexible types of direct assessments and can be used to score any product or performance such as essays, portfolios, skill performances, oral exams, debates, project/product creation, oral presentations or a student’s body of work over the course of a semester. Since we are talking about assessing â€Å"official† course learning outcomes that are stated in course documents, all faculty teaching that course must agree on a detailed scoring system that delineates criteria used to discriminate among levels and is used for scoring a common assignment, product or performance or set of assignments, products or performances. Information can be obtained from the course document’s assignment and evaluation pages to help guide the creation of the rubric. Pros: †¢ Defines clear expectations. †¢ Can be used to score many kinds of assignments or exams †¢ Faculty define standards and criteria and how they will be applied Cons: †¢ Faculty must agree on how to define standards and criteria and how they will be applied 2. Common Final Exam or Common Capstone Project:  These direct assessment methods integrate knowledge, concepts and skills associated with an entire sequence of study in a course. Either use the same final exam for all sections offered in a course (commercially produced/standardized test or locally developed final exam) or require a culminating final project that is similar (using the same grading rubric to evaluate). Pros: †¢ Good method to measure growth over time with regard to a course †¢ Cumulative †¢ The data is more robust if all students complete the same assessment †¢ Provides an additional buffer between student learning performance and an individual instructor’s teaching performance Cons: Focus and breadth of assessment are important †¢ Understanding all of the variables to produce assessment results is also important †¢ May result in additional course requirements †¢ Requires coordination and agreement on standards 3. Embedded Test Questions:  Embed the same agreed upon questions that relate to the course’s student learning outcomes into the final exam for all sections of the course and analyze tho se results and/or embed the same agreed-upon requirements into the final project/assignment for all sections of the course and analyze those results. Pros: †¢ Good method to measure growth over time with regards to a course †¢ Cumulative †¢ The data is more robust if all students complete the same assessment †¢ Provides an additional buffer between student learning performance and an individual instructor’s teaching performance †¢ Embedded questions can be reported as an aggregate Cons: †¢ May result in additional course requirements †¢ Requires coordination and agreement on standards If some instructors embed and others do not, the data will be difficult to compare and analyze †¢ Separate analysis of embedded set of questions is required VII. REFERENCES https://www. google. com. ph/search? q=ASSESSMENT+TOOLS+PPTrlz=2C1GTPM_enPH0537PH0537aq=foq=assessment+tools+aqs=chrome. 0. 59j57j61j60l2j0. 3437j0sourceid=chromeie=UTF-8 http://www. slideshare. net/armovil/assessment-of-student-learning? from_search=2 Fulks, Janet, â€Å"Assessing Student Learning in Community Colleges†, Baker sfield College, 2004

Shipping and Logistics Management

Question: Discuss about theShipping and Logistics Management. Answer: Introduction The shipping industry is very crucial especially in today`s commercial world where globalization is being realized and volumes of international trade have increased over the years. It is therefore important for optimum productivity and efficiency to be realized in the shipping industry. More than 95% of all international/ cross boarder trading takes place through water and these goods are carried by freight ships (Lim, 2016). These goods include raw materials which are used for manufacturing, machines and equipment as well as consumer goods. The choice of transportation by the shipper is influenced by a variety of factors which affect the shipping logistics. Some of the logistics that shippers consider include; cost of transportation, efficiency of the means, reliability, the transportation time as well as quality of services offered by the shipping company (Pardalos, 2009).Despite the large size of this industry and the huge profits that companies make, there are also major risks as sociated with this business. The high levels of risk and large capital requirement make it necessary for individual shipping companies to form alliances. Another factor that contribute to formation of alliances in the shipping industry is for the companies to minimize cost and be able to market their business together more effectively. Due to this reason, it is very important for Hapag-Lloyds to remain in The Alliance. Below is a detailed discussion of benefits and disadvantages of remaining in a shipping alliance. One of the major benefits of collaborations between companies in the shipping industry is the joint marketing activities. Companies in the shipping industry need to advertise a lot. This is due to the high level of competition in this industry (Konings, 2008). It therefore makes it necessary for any company operating in the industry whether new or existing to put aside a substantial budget for marketing activities. Since the marketing costs are high, it is therefore very necessary for the companies to come together and carry out joint marketing operations. This will go a long way in reducing the cost for the companies (Forte, 2013). This will in turn help the companies to lower their shipping charges and therefore attract more customers. Joint marketing by shipping companies is also more effective than individual companies marketing. This is because the companies will be able to pull their resources together and therefore can pay for better means of advertising which will reach more potential customers.. It is therefore crucial for Hapag Lloyd to remain in The Alliance so as to enjoy the benefits of joint marketing. Another major benefit of shipping companies being in alliances is due to the operational issues such as sharing of slots, sharing of vessels and joint services (Panayides Wiedmer, 2011). In the fleet sharing services for companies in a shipping alliance, specific companies handle slot capacities in each voyage depending on their contribution to the number of ships in the alliance. The companies in the alliance are able to share TEUs depending on the volume of goods they are transporting to a particular route. Each company allocates their own capacities but the stowage plan is prepared by the ship operator for all voyages. If a one of the companies for example in The Alliance was shipping goods to the port of Miami and there is extra capacity in the ship, the extra capacity that exists in the ship can be allocated to another company in the alliance which intends to transport commodities to the same destination. Companies can also manage their slots through slot charter or slot purcha se (Lim,2016). This arrangement ensures that the companies belonging to the alliance buy the slots at a cheaper price compared to when they buy from a company outside the alliance. These arrangements help companies within the alliance to achieve their expected carrying demand. The companies in a shipping alliance are also able to increase their profits margin. This happens due to the savings that the companies are able to make by sharing slots in the ships. For this to work, its important for companies in a shipping alliance to have a concrete slot allocation plan. Hapag-Lloyds should therefore remain in the alliance so as to enjoy additional profits accruing from extra saving by sharing of slots. Another major benefit that Hapag-Lloyds would enjoy by remaining in The Alliance is that of joint services for companies in the alliance. Joint Services Corporation for shipping companies in the same alliance is very strategic (Panayides, 2011). This is because; customers of the shipping companies are able to enjoy efficient services from a central point instead of seeking for the same services from different companies with different locations and procedures. These saves the customer both time and effort they would have spent on getting the services from different shipping companies. This offers customers convenience (Lun, 2010).The quality of services provide to customers when the companies decide to offer the services jointly is much more improved. This is because, the services are centrally coordinated and therefore the likelihood of misunderstandings and miscommunication between customers and the company is greatly reduced. Improvement of customer services through the shipping al liances will help in building consumer loyalty among existing customers and therefore the company is able to maintain its existing customers (Talley, 2012). High quality services will also attract new clients for the shipping companies in the alliance and therefore resulting to higher profit margins. The brand of the individual companies will also grow as result of the exemplary services offered by the alliance. Companies in a shipping alliance are also able to carry out joint infrastructural investments. This happens when the shipping companies in the alliance pull their resources together and make joint investment in assets such as freight ships (Agarwal, 2010). The investment carried out by companies in a shipping alliance is mostly for investments with large capital requirements which would be difficult to be raised by a single company. Joint investments are important in this industry because they help in distributing the risk among the companies (Talley, 2012). Risk distribution will therefore mean that in case of loss, the companies involved in the investment will share the cost depending on their capital contribution. This therefore makes it easier for a company operating in this industry to continue operations even if it does not recoup its initial cost of investment. Hapag-Lloyd will also be able to enjoy the low cost of capital. This is because other means of obtaining capital for investment are very expensive. An example is obtaining loan from banks which charge very high interest rates. Despite the many advantages that come with Hapag-Lloyd remaining in The Alliance, there are also various shortcomings that the company will face by remaining in The Alliance. The following are the disadvantages of shipping companies being in a shipping alliance. One of the major disadvantages of the company remaining in the shipping alliance is the loss of control. Remaining in the shipping alliance for Hapag-Lloyd will mean that the owners and the managers will not be in complete control of the activities of the company. This is because the company will be obliged to obey and honor the agreement signed in the alliance charter which requires companies to carry out most of their activities jointly. The company has to operate in relation to the schedules of the alliance and the allocation of slots in the vessels is done by the alliance. This therefore makes the company less flexible in its operations and daily activities (Bryson Daniels, 2007). Another significant shortcoming of remaining in The Alliance for Hapag-Lloyd is that the carrying out of joint investment activities by the company makes it very difficult for the company to control its growth and development. This is due to the fact that by the company remaining in the alliance, it becomes difficult to pursue its own growth plans. Being in the alliance means that the company will have to give priority to the projects being undertaken by the alliance rather than their individual activities. The company may eventually skid off its path and vision and may eventually fail to achieve its business objectives. This may also lead to the company becoming bankrupt. By remaining in The Alliance, Hapag-Lloyd may not be able to achieve its objectives in relation to marketing and advertisement. The joint marketing efforts mean that the whole alliance will be marketed as opposed to marketing individual companies (Jong, 2016). This may be a disadvantage to individual companies whose volume of business has not increased as a result of being in the alliance (Schwab, 2015). The joint marketing efforts may also stall the growth of the individual companys brand. This may hurt the long term objectives of the company. By Hapag-Lloyd remaining in The Alliance, the company may suffer losses and lose customers in case the alliance fails to deliver high quality services to its clients. The shipping industry is driven by the level of efficiency and the quality of services offered to customers (Lun, 2010). Due to the changing market and consumer trends in this industry its important for companies to remain focused on consumer needs. Therefore if the alliance fails to remain innovative and focused on consumer needs, the alliance may lose its customers after some time. This will affect the individual companies in the alliance and it may result to losses and eventually bankruptcy. Conclusion From the analysis, it is very vital for companies in the shipping industry to form shipping alliance due to the various advantages that the companies in these alliances enjoy. Some of these advantages include minimizing costs through sharing of facilities, joint investment which helps the companies to undertake huge investments at a low cost and the joint provision of services which results to increased efficiency. There are also disadvantages of being in alliances such as loss of control over management of the company, and increased dependency on other members of the alliance. A company in the shipping industry should therefore analyze and weigh the advantages and disadvantages and being in the alliance before deciding to join any alliance. For Hapag-Llyod, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages and therefore the company should remain in The Alliance. References Lun, Y. H. V., Lai, K., Cheng, T. C. E. (2010). Shipping and logistics management. New York: Springer. Schwab, C. (2015). Horizontal collaboration in the maritime industry: Ports and terminals. Bryson, J. R., Daniels, P. W. (2007). The handbook of service industries. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Pardalos, P. M., Chaovalitwongse, W. A., Furman, K. C. (2009). Optimization and logistics challenges in the enterprise. Dordrecht: Springer. Talley, W. K. (2012). The Blackwell companion to maritime economics. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. In Lee, C.-Y., In Meng, Q. (2015). Handbook of ocean container transport logistics: Making global supply chains effective. Lim, J. (2016). The Effect of Alliance Partnership on the Alliances Performance of Global Alliances and Joint Service in Liner Shipping Companies. Korean Logistics Research Association, 26(5), 35-44. Notteboom, T., Institute of Transport and Maritime Management Antwerp., Asian Logistics Round Table. (2011). Current issues in shipping, ports and logistics. Antwerp: UPA University Press Antwerp. Agarwal, R. Ergun, . (2010). Network Design and Allocation Mechanisms for Carrier Alliances in Liner Shipping. In Forte, E., Grimaldi, G. (2013). Economics and logistics in short and deep sea market: Konings, J. W., Priemus, H., Nijkamp, P. (2008). The future of intermodal freight transport: Operations, design and policy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Panayides, P. Wiedmer, R. (2011). Strategic alliances in container liner shipping. Jong-Sub Lim,. (2016). The Effect Strategic Alliances on the Performance in Container Liner Shipping Companies. Journal Of Distribution Science, 14(6), 99-106. https://dx.doi.org/10.15722/jds.14.6.201606.99

The Pulfrich phenomenon Essay Example

The Pulfrich phenomenon Paper Introduction What is the Pulfrich Phenomenon? The Pulfrich Phenomenon is a three dimensional semblance where a traveling object is seen to travel in an anomalous tract when viewed binocularly with a light rarefying filter placed in forepart of one oculus. This creates the semblance that an object oscillating on a frontal plane appears to follow an egg-shaped tract. The most widely accepted theory for this semblance is that cut downing the brightness of a stimulation to the retina of one oculus causes comparatively slower excitement of the photoreceptors ( www.suic.edu ) and hence a delayed processing of the image relation to the other oculus. ( 1 ) This creates a latency difference between the two eyes and as a consequence, information for two different scenes from each retina arrives at the ocular cerebral mantle at the same clip. Information from one oculus will get at the cerebral mantle milliseconds subsequently than the other. A geometric disparity is registered cortically from the input of the two eyes ( 7 ) and this leads to the wrong perceptual experience of the motion and comparative places of objects observed by the person. Many optic or neurological upsets that affect the ocular tract can bring forth a hold in signal transmittal to the encephalon, making a geometric disparity. The semblances created by this geometric disparity produce troublesome symptoms for persons with a status and is why many patients see jobs in mundane life as a consequence of the phenomenon. ( 5 ) Who foremost discovered the Phenomenon? We will write a custom essay sample on The Pulfrich phenomenon specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Pulfrich phenomenon specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Pulfrich phenomenon specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Carl Pulfrich, a physicist with the Zeiss Company, described the phenomenon in 1922. He was non able to detect the consequence himself nevertheless due to a childhood hurt, which left him blind in one oculus by 1905. The phenomenon was foremost noted earlier nevertheless by uranologists utilizing stereo-comparators to seek for planets. ( 3 ) Showing the phenomenon The Pulfrich phenomenon can be observed in a normal single by binocularly sing a vacillation pendulum British shilling whilst keeping a impersonal denseness filter in forepart of one oculus. The pendulum British shilling or mark used to arouse the phenomenon may take the signifier of a mechanical or computerized mark. The impersonal denseness filter lowers the retinal light of the oculus it covers, and this creates the difference in signal transmittal clip between the two eyes. This hold created by a decrease in retinal light is supported by several psychophysical and electro-physical probes. ( 1 ) ( ( 8,9 ) ) The geometric disparity created by the ocular latency difference between the eyes is interpreted by the encephalon as deepness by the binocular disparity sensors. ( 2 ) This is why the pendulum British shilling is perceived to hover in an egg-shaped gesture alternatively of traveling along a frontal plane. The sensed way of the pendulum s swing is dependent on which oculus the filter is covering ; the pendulum appears to revolve clockwise when the filter is placed in forepart of the left oculus and anti-clockwise when it is in forepart of the right oculus. Provoked and Spontaneous Pulfrich Phenomenon s When the Pulfrich phenomenon is induced in a normal single i.e. utilizing impersonal denseness filters, the phenomenon is sometimes called the provoked Pulfrich consequence. Since a hold can happen in persons with eyepiece or neurological upsets that affect the ocular tract, the Pulfrich consequence can happen spontaneously. Such diseases which may ensue in a self-generated Pulfrich consequence include ocular neuritis, an redness of the ocular nervus which can do swelling and devastation of the medulla sheath covering the ocular nervus. Since this medulla sheath helps carry on nervus urges along its axons faster than non-myelinated axons, its devastation will take to a slower transmittal to the occipital cerebral mantle, where the information is processed. Ocular neuropathies with bilaterally asymmetrical demyelination are thought to be the most common causes of the Pulfrich Phenomenon and the ocular symptoms it is associated with. ( website ) Systemic conditions such as Multiple Scl erosis, a demyelinating disease were the fatty medulla sheaths around axons are damaged ( Miller DH, Leary SM ( October 2007 ) . Primary-progressive multiple induration ) , can take to many persons sing the Pulfrich Phenomenon. The Pulfrich Phenomenon has besides been reported in many other diseases such as one-sided cataract or asymmetrical bilateral cataract. A cataract may cut down retinal light or bring forth retinal fuzz therefore taking to a ocular latency in the ocular tract of the affected oculus doing the phenomenon in the person. Anisometropic amblyopia, squint, corneal opacity, anisocoria, one-sided mydriasis, Central serous retinopathy, and age-related macular devolution have all been accountable to bring forth the Pulfrich consequence to some extent in an person. Retinal fuzz has besides been thought to be cause of the consequence, most noticeable in smaller marks. Sokol and Moskowitz ( cat ( 13 ) ) showed that a 12 MS addition in the ocular latency resulted from a 3 diopter refractile mistake. ( ) A self-generated Pulfrich phenomenon is non uncommon and has been found rather often in surveies with patients with optic and neurological upsets. It was found in 24 out of 93 patients with cured ocular neuritis, 16 out of 29 patients with unsophisticated one-sided cataract and three out of 70 patients with assorted squint jobs. ( 3 ) Factors impacting the magnitude of the Phenomenon seen The magnitude of the Pulfrich Phenomenon seen depends on a figure of factors with retinal light being one of the most important. The magnitude of Pulfrich consequence seen i.e. the deepness of the egg-shaped flight, is larger for increasing disparity of retinal light between the two eyes. This may happen in a patient with a self-generated Pulfrich phenomenon, for illustration when one oculus has a much denser cataract than the fellow oculus. It may besides happen in instances of uniocular mydriasis when anisocoria could be induced. ( 2 ) The oculus with the larger pupil receives increased retinal light than the other oculus with a smaller student and hence the phenomenon may be induced. This may besides happen when the Pulfrich phenomenon is provoked, i.e. when a impersonal denseness filter covering the oculus is increased in deepness. Lit ( ( 2 ) 12 ) has shown that the magnitude of the Pulfrich consequence seen, that is the size of the oval, is relative to the denseness of the filt er used. The distance from which a pendulum or similar mark is viewed, besides has an consequence on the magnitude of the Pulfrich phenomenon seen. An addition in the magnitude of the phenomenon can be observed as the distance between the perceiver and mark additions. Target speed besides contributes to the magnitude of the Pulfrich phenomenon. As the mark speed additions, so does the magnitude of the Pulfrich consequence seen by the perceiver, taking to much more noticeable semblances and increased ocular symptoms. Symptoms experienced due to the Phenomenon The symptoms expressed by a patient with the Pulfrich phenomenon to a general practician or oculist can be rather unusual. Objects appear to travel in wrong tracts when either the perceiver or the mark is in gesture. ( 3 ) Objects traveling up and down nevertheless will non show this consequence or lead to symptoms as a consequence of misjudged distances. These symptoms experienced lead to troubles in mundane undertakings. Undertakings such as driving and assorted ball game activities like football, which require good perceptual experience of traveling objects, have been found to be more hard for patients who have the Pulfrich phenomenon. Even the simplest of undertakings such as voyaging through room accesss or pouring a drink have been found to bring forth an increased degree of trouble for such patients. Several surveies have revealed that ocular damage leads to increased auto accidents and trouble drive. Ocular perceptual experience has a cardinal function in the safe operation of a vehicle, assisting prevent drive mistakes and hence prevent accidents and human deaths. In order to drive safely, a driver must be able to move and respond to the altering environment around him/her. This requires the ability to right gauge the comparative places of traveling and non-moving objects. Some Patients with a self-generated Pulfrich phenomenon have complained of oncoming autos seemingly sheering across the route towards them. This ocular perceptual experience could take to a serious accident and therefore must be treated to assist forestall any casualties. Persons who were subsequently diagnosed with pathologies thought to be the cause of a self-generated Pulfrich Phenomenon have reported the semblance that whilst drive, oncoming autos appear to sheer across the route towards them. Percept of this would take to the driver doing a crisp bend off to get away what he/she thinks is a certain accident. Forty old ages ago, a traffic accident was reported which occurred as a consequence of an induced Pulfrich phenomenon due to one-sided pupillary dilation. ( mention ) Since so, many probes have been carried out to larn more about the consequence a self-generated Pulfrich phenomenon has on driving. It was found that many persons had jobs with judging distances when driving, particularly when executing tactics such as contrary parking into a garage. ( mentions ) Why is it utile for oculists to be able to name and handle the Pulfrich phenomenon? Due to troublesome ocular symptoms experienced by patients known to hold the phenomenon, it is in the involvement of both the patient and Optometrist that the Pulfrich consequence is diagnosed and treated every bit shortly as possible. Assorted surveies have shown that one-sided mydriasis was found to ever bring forth the phenomenon on topics. ( mention ) Because of this, it would be of import for the Optometrist to warn the patient in progress of dilation, the ocular symptoms and trouble judging distance that can be expected, and besides to warn, if possible, the patient should non drive place. It has besides been suggested that, because patients with conditions such as cataract and ocular neuropathy frequently demonstrate the Pulfrich phenomenon, an effectual trial for the Pulfrich phenomenon might be a utile add-on to the trials available to Optometrists in primary attention pattern. The sensing of this phenomenon may help prompt diagnosing of any implicit in pathology therefore t he right direction and intervention could be initiated without hold. Recognition of this phenomenon could be peculiarly helpful in the early diagnosing of Retrobulbar neuritis, the most common signifier of ocular neuritis in grownups and often associated with multiple induration ( Jack J Kanski ) . In retrobulbar neuritis, the ocular phonograph record visual aspect is normal, at least ab initio, because the ocular nervus caput is non involved and so early sensing is hard utilizing direct or indirect Ophthalmoscopy. Testing for the Pulfrich phenomenon is the lone manner to clinically find if gesture stereopsis is normal or non. Ocular Elicited Potentials are non utile in analyzing how gesture stereopsis is affected, as their signals are travel via different ocular tracts. VEP s are besides non available to primary attention oculists. Standard stereo-tests such as the Frisby stereotest normally used in Optometric Practice besides fail to observe any abnormalcies in gesture stereopsis. ( 1 ) Knowledge and apprehension of the Pulfrich would assist the Optometrist appreciate many of the strange symptoms experienced by an person with the Pulfrich phenomenon and the many sorts of jobs faced in day-to-day life by i.e. athleticss games and traffic state of affairss. The symptoms experienced by a patient with the phenomenon can be rather easy ignored or dismissed if the clinician is incognizant of the phenomenon. If oculists had the appropriate equipment and cognition to name the Pulfrich phenomenon in mundane pattern, they would besides be able to handle the phenomenon and its sometimes-disabling effects utilizing simple filtered lenses. This would assist cut down or extinguish any of the jobs experienced as a consequence. Patients, that happen even the simplest of undertakings such as pouring a drink or voyaging through room accesss, may be enabled to transport out these undertakings with easiness after intervention. Management and intervention of the phenomenon may besides let patients who retired from driving a vehicle due to the ocular troubles faced with the Pulfrich consequence to experience confident in driving once more. The unusual symptoms experienced when driving due to the Pulfrich phenomenon, particularly the location of traveling o bjects encountered in traffic, could be eliminated with the simple intervention available. How is the Pulfrich phenomenon treated? The symptoms experienced by patients with a self-generated Pulfrich phenomenon can be reduced or eliminated by puting an appropriate impersonal denseness filter or ocular shade in forepart of the unaffected oculus. ( 3 ) The lens has the consequence of cut downing retinal light of the unaffected oculus and hence creates a hold in signal transmittal to the ocular cerebral mantle, which equals the hold in the affected oculus. To taking a right filter, the patient is shown a scope of filters of changing densenesss and asked to make up ones mind which lens alleviates their symptoms and removes phenomenon. Once the suited lens filter has been chosen, it may so be worn as eyeglassess or as a contact lens. Ocular shades are preferred to impersonal denseness filters as they are more readily available and cost effectual for the patient. ( 3 ) The filters used to handle the phenomenon should stay the same without necessitating to be updated, so long as the underlying pathology remains stationa ry. ( ) Other Diagnostic methods Doctors and other Healthcare professionals have found many different ways of proving for the phenomenon. The most frequently suggested method is to swing a pendulum in 5 different tracts in forepart of a patient. A pendulum is swung in each of the tracts, from A-E. If the right oculus is affected, the tracts C and B produce the most pronounced consequence for the patient. The pendulum appears to swerve towards the patient as it gets closer on these tracts. Picture from Charles J. M Diaper, 1997 Surv Ophthalmol Another technique used by some medical professionals in observing the Pulfrich Phenomenon is when the tester instructs the patient to rapidly walk past the tester whilst seeking to brush his/her shoulder on either side. If the consequence is present the patient s left oculus for illustration as shown in the diagram below, normally the affected eyes side will ensue in a big spread between the patient and the tester. Mistakes in spacial localisation consequence in the misjudgement of the distance between the patient and tester. The patient can be seen to do a class rectification, which can be seen as a rapid stumble off from the tester. ( 6 ) The wrong distance opinion by the patient is a consequence of an semblance caused by the Pulfrich phenomenon taking the patient to believe the tester is closer than what he/she really is. ( 3 ) Note that this spread would merely happen on the same side of the affected oculus. For illustration if the patient s right oculus were affected on the image left, a big spread would non be observed. What my undertaking is about? In this undertaking we are interested in look intoing which trials prove most effectual to an Optometrist in observing the Pulfrich Phenomenon and besides what the optimum parametric quantities are for arousing the Pulfrich consequence in visually normal perceivers. With the ready handiness of computerised stimulations for arousing the Pulfrich consequence, this may now be possible in pattern. We would wish to look into which of the presently available on-line versions of the Pulfrich phenomenon stimulations are most successful and sensitive at arousing the Pulfrich consequence. I will besides prove a scope of impersonal denseness filters of changing deepnesss to see which induces the phenomenon best in a group of visually normal grownups aged 18-30. I will besides be entering the distances at which the topics were placed in relation to the screen throughout the trial to see what consequence this may hold on observing the phenomenon on how sensitive the different stimulations were at observing the Pulfrich phenomenon in the topics.

Writing a Winning Nursing School Acceptance Essay

Writing a Winning Nursing School Acceptance EssayHaving said that, you need to learn how to write a great acceptance essay. If you find that you are having trouble with your essay and have not yet found a solution to that problem, then you may want to try doing some research on this topic. You will want to take the time to learn how to craft a winning essay for your nursing school admissions.The first thing that you need to do is spend some time writing an essay. In order to do this, you will need to sit down and take a moment to figure out what kind of essay you would like to write. You will need to determine what kind of topic you would like to cover, if any, what kind of subject matter you would like to include, if any, what kind of style you would like to create and any questions that you may have.Once you have figured out exactly what you would like to do, it is time to pay full attention to the ideas that you have come up with. Then it is time to go ahead and start writing. Rem ember, your entire goal here is to get the best results for your essay. You will need to give yourself plenty of time to work on this essay, and after that, it is just a matter of taking a few minutes at a time and making notes as you go along.Writing a good essay can be challenging, but it can also be helpful if you take the time to understand all of the information that is included in your application for admission to a nursing school. When you write a good nursing school admission essay, you will need to include several different types of information about yourself, and you should include all of the information in your essay. In fact, you may want to consider including more than one type of information in your essay, because you may want to include a few details from each of those categories. By including all of the different categories, you will ensure that you include the information that you need to when you are writing an essay. Most likely, you will begin writing your admiss ions essay after you sit down and have figured out exactly what information that you would like to include. One thing that you will need to do in order to make sure that you do not leave anything out is to write down the things that you know that you need to include in your essay. One of the first things that you will need to do when you are starting to write is to give yourself plenty of time. For this reason, you will want to make sure that you are able to spend several minutes each day writing and revising your essay.If you do not have enough time, you may want to set aside a short time frame that you will have to complete your essay in. By setting up a deadline, you will be able to give yourself plenty of time to put everything that you have written into a cohesive and concise piece of writing. In addition, setting up a deadline will give you the chance to spend even more time on writing, and this will be of great benefit when you are writing your essay. When you are given plent y of time to work on your essay, you will be able to find that you are able to condense the information that you have written into a short, concise and easy to read document.In order to write a good nursing school acceptance essay, you will need to have a plan for how long you will need to spend writing and revising your essay. By making sure that you have a plan, you will be able to guarantee that you are able to keep everything that you have written organized and in one place.

When to Abbreviate, Etc.

When to Abbreviate, Etc. When to Abbreviate, Etc. When to Abbreviate, Etc. By Mark Nichol When is it appropriate to abbreviate words? The answer to this question, as with many matters in writing, is not a simple one: It depends on type of content and the degree of the content’s formality. In technical publications and scholarly journals, abbreviation of statistical information or references to dimensions and durations abounds. Furthermore, the American Medical Association’s manual of style dictates that periods be omitted in many abbreviations. However, in general content intended for professional publication, consider whether to abbreviate, especially in contexts in which multiple various abbreviations might be distracting. Social titles such as Mr., Mrs., and Ms., are usually superfluous altogether but are abbreviated when they appear, except in generic usage such as â€Å"Hey, mister!† Doctor is abbreviated before a name but otherwise spelled out, as is saint. (Note, however, that cities and other geographic designations differ in using Saint or St.; consult a resource to verify the correct style for a particular location.) Military and quasi-military ranks are spelled out or abbreviated depending on context, but as with other titles, they should be spelled out in isolation (for example, â€Å"The captain returned the salute†). Regarding i.e., that abbreviation and its close cousins e.g. and etc. are convenient, but they are no improvement on the English equivalents (â€Å"that is,† â€Å"for example,† and â€Å"and so on,† respectively). Style for scholarly journals is to use the abbreviations in parentheses and spell out the English phrases outside parentheses, but this distinction is not recommended for general-interest publications; avoid them altogether. Names of countries and other geopolitical entities are usually spelled out as nouns but abbreviated as adjectives (â€Å"the United States,† but â€Å"the US economy†); note in the previous example that periods in such designations, as in most other capitalized abbreviations, are unnecessary. Designations of thoroughfares, like many other words, can be abbreviated in lists or in graphics where space is at a premium, but generally spell out such terms as avenue, road, and street even when they are part of an address. Titles of senior corporate executives- CEO, COO, and CIO, for instance- are almost always abbreviated in all references, but VP (â€Å"vice president†), SVP (â€Å"senior vice president†), and the like are generally spelled out in all instances. Corporate terms such as PR (â€Å"public relations†) and HR (â€Å"human resources†) can be spelled out or abbreviated depending on context; they’re likely to be spelled out in a formal report and probably will be abbreviated in a casual reference in a mass-market book. Academic degrees are often abbreviated after a person’s name, but it’s better to refer to someone receiving a bachelor’s or master’s degree or a doctorate rather than a BA, an MA, or a PhD. Likewise, â€Å"curriculum vitae,† or the plural form â€Å"curricula vitae,† is preferable to CV. References to media such as CDs and DVDs are ubiquitous (or at least were before they began to give way to online access to music and films), and there’s no need to spell those initialisms out. (You’d likely have to look up that DVD originally stood for â€Å"digital video disc,† though the second word has since been supplanted by versatile. And who knows, or cares, that URL stands for â€Å"uniform resource locator†? The initialism will do in all cases.) However, words for parts of a book or other printed publication should be spelled out (for example, â€Å"In my copy, chapter 6 starts on page 47†), and MS or ms, for manuscript, should be used only in informal contexts. No. is sometimes used as an abbreviation for number in phrases such as â€Å"No. 1†; it’s a compromise between spelling the word out and using the number symbol (#). The abbreviation for versus, vs., is acceptable in informal content, as is OK. (Okay is a common variant, but the initials are more accurate; the most likely derivation of OK is the jocular misspelling â€Å"oll korrect,† the only survivor of a short-lived flurry of such locutions coined during the nineteenth century.) Terms of distance and duration, such as foot and hour, are generally spelled out when accompanying numerals except in technical writing, as are designations such as Celsius and Fahrenheit; the same is true of phrases such as â€Å"miles per hour† and â€Å"pounds per square inch.† However, the abbreviations am and pm, often capitalized and/or with periods, are always acceptable, though a phrase such as â€Å"one o’clock in the morning† is appropriate for a casual reference in fiction or nonfiction. Abbreviations are much more likely to be employed in ephemeral publications such as newspapers than in more durable materials such as books, though formality varies widely in the latter format; online usage differs as well. Ultimately, the careful writer will consult a style guide appropriate to the type of print or online publication for guidance or at least will consciously consider the visual and cognitive impact of abbreviation. (See this post for more guidance on abbreviations, and search for â€Å"abbreviations† on DailyWritingTips.com for additional assistance.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†50 Synonyms for "Assistant"Personification vs. Anthropomorphism

How Feminist Scholar Looks the Women of Color Essay

How Feminist Scholar Looks the Women of Color - Essay Example How Feminist Scholar Looks the Women of Color The feminist theory relies heavily on principles and understanding of feminism. These principles are based on the following beliefs that; Women should be handled in the same way as men in the society, that they are not inferior to men and that the main goal of feminism is bring out the issue of gender inequality being practiced on daily bases in the society. Discrimination based on one’s race had existed in the US for a long time. Therefore, women were and are still viewed as facing discrimination from two angles; race and gender. Due to the many challenges that the women of color continue to face, Women of Color in US Society has been established to among other things try to come up with a alternative understanding of the social world (Zinn and Dill, 3). According to Combahee River Collective, Black feminism is founded on the fact of African American women continuous powered effort for survival and liberation. The strongly negative relationship between the African American women and the American political system as they put it, has been effected by their membership in two exploited and oppressed racial and sexual castes. This essay is going to look at how different feminist scholars look at the women of color from their own different approaches.Kimberle in her article, â€Å"Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color† looks mostly in the violence against the women and especially the minority.

Future of healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Future of healthcare - Essay Example The government should make the health care system a single pay and nationalize all medical insurance services as well as investing extra in the system to reduce the cost of recurrent spending. The increasing stratification in health care access and provision are other daring challenges facing the U.S health care system. For example, the approach to ask individuals to pay more for their health care will result in stratification in medicare provision. Hooper (2009) predicts that those paying higher insurance premiums will get access to a wider variety of health care services than the struggling middle class and lower class who cannot afford such high premiums. Therefore, the government should adopt a policy that dictates health care provision to all irrespective of the ability to pay. In other words, as Pasdirtz (2007) presents it, the state should reduce privatization of the health care provision. Lastly, the number of the uninsured population in U.S is surprisingly growing with an estimated 45 million people currently being in the uninsured group. The implication is that those uninsured will miss out on better health care provision ad Medicare hence painting a denting image on the government as having failed to give its subjects sufficient health care. The government should bridge the gap between the disadvantaged and the high-income